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In general, the semi-conductor physicists tried to grow crystals at high temperatures, but in our case we did it at low temperatures. So many people tried to grow single crystals but failed, and for a long, long time. So the sapphire is one of the best candidates for the substrata, but the problem is that the periodicity between the atom arrangement of the sapphire and the gallium nitride is quite different-16 percent different. We have to use the different crystals as the substratum wafer to grow the LED structure.
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Then we need to use the chemical reaction to reduce the pressure and the temperature. To grow the gallium nitride by direct reaction of gallium and nitride, we need very high pressure-over 45,000 atmospheres-and very high temperatures. WPJ: So how were you able to arrive at that?ĪMANO: Semi-conductor physicists already knew which crystals could emit blue light, but the problem was that growing single crystals is very difficult.ĪMANO: Today’s blue emitting diode is based on gallium nitride. That is why it took a long, long time to realize the blue-light emitting diode. For red and green it is not so difficult because the crystals that emit red light and green light are relatively easy to grow, but the crystals that can emit blue light are quite different and very difficult to grow. It was very easy to get the red and the green, but it was the blue that you discovered-that took 30 or 40 years to do- that really enabled this?ĪMANO: You are right. WPJ: And what I especially found interesting is that basically you need three colors to arrive at the LED light. It is very tough and very efficient-indeed the most efficient lighting system. So the LED is the fourth generation, which is based on the solid state and the quantum mechanics based lighting system. But the problem is that the florescent lamp needs a vacuum and also has a glass tube, which is very fragile. The first one was the wire or frame based on conduction. HIROSHI AMANO: The LED is a fourth generation artificial lighting system. To start, can you share how the LED differs from traditional light bulbs, and how you came to make this discovery? WORLD POLICY JOURNAL: I’d like to talk to you a bit about how you and your colleagues effectively enabled the creation of the light-emitting diode (LED), which is really the greatest single advance, in many ways, of energy conservation. Andelman spoke to him for a Conversation on his epic breakthrough and his astonishing work that comes next-and could lead to another Nobel Prize. World Policy Journal editor and publisher David A. One of them was Hiroshi Amano, a professor at Nagoya University located on Japan’s Pacific Coast. For their efforts, last year, all three were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. Until one day, following years of effort, three extraordinary Japanese scientists stumbled on the way to make blue. And for nearly four decades, this eluded scientists. The third vital color, if they were to be combined into a bulb that emitted white light, was blue. But scientists continued working and eventually came up with the process of electroluminescence, and in turn light-emitting diodes or LEDs.įor nearly three decades, though, there were only two types of LEDs-red and green. Along came the next phase-fluorescent lights, with their own set of problems. It used, indeed wasted, a lot of electricity, generated heat, and had to be thrown away once it burned out in a relatively short time.
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It was effective in terms of turning night into daylight, but most inefficient in virtually every other way. For nearly a hundred years, the incandescent bulb-which worked mainly by electricity passing through a filament and heating it to incandescent temperatures in a glass globe-lit up the world. In 1879, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.